U.S. Census Bureau census data
https://data.census.gov/
U.S. Census Bureau TIGER Lines Shapefiles
https://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/geo/shapefiles/index.php
U.S. Street Network Shapefiles, Node/Edge Lists, and GraphML Files
https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/CUWWYJ
Microsoft's AI generated building footprints for North America
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/maps/building-footprints
Google's Open Buildings, AI generated building footprints for Africa, South Asia, and South-East Asia
https://sites.research.google/open-buildings/
National Renewable Energy Laboratory geospatial data and tools
https://www.nrel.gov/research/data-tools.html
Creating Geographic Estimates with the IPUMS CPS Online Data Analysis System
https://atcoordinates.info/category/census-data/